This paper will show that attempts to control the body in late capitalism are replete with symbolic violence. Filipinos have not succeeded in confining the body, thereby validating Foucault's (1980) critique of the repressive hypothesis. Ordinary narratives about the body in the Philippines exist not in the context of a settled template of silenced debates and repressed desires, but in the explosion of discourse and contestations, and of an intricate articulation between popular knowledge and truth on one hand, and the (...) ordinary and everyday experience of pleasure and desire on the other. (shrink)

The current study verified the association between cognitive process such as attention, executive functioning, and legal capacity in patients with bipolar disorder. The sample consisted of 72 participants, assorted to episodic patients, euthymic patients, and healthy controls. We used the following neuropsychological measures: subtests of the Wechsler Abbreviated Intelligence Scale : vocabulary and matrix reasoning; Continuous Performance Test ; Five Digit Test ; and Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure. Euthymic patients expressed slower processing speed compared to HC. They tended to make more (...) errors with slightly worse discrimination, suggesting more impulsiveness. On the contrary, episodic patients showed worse discrimination, committed more omissions, were more inconsistent with regard to response speed, showed more difficulties in organizing their actions, and were more rigid. The results suggest that bipolar patients in episode express more cognitive impairments that can compromise the quality of legal capacity. These results highlight the need for more protective support for episodic BD patients regarding legal capacity. (shrink)

The purpose of the article is to present the ideas that the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann developed on the role of classical mechanics in physics. He had elaborated them at a time when classical mechanics began to be considered as not being any more the ground for all other physical theories. Boltzmann never accepted this conclusion. He rejected it, developing at the same time some ideas on the epistemological nature of scientific theories. According to him, scientific theories are representations of (...) natural phenomena. (shrink)

No presente artigo tenho o intento de demonstrar o motivo de Schopenhauer ser um crítico ferrenho da doutrina do direito de Kant, e para tal empreendimento, além das investigações na Metafísica dos costumes, obra capital onde se encontram os conteúdos sobre a doutrina do direito de Kant, restrinjo minhas explicações em relação aos textos de Schopenhauer, principalmente em Sobre o fundamento da moral (para nesse caso, expor a crítica da ética na forma legislativa-imperativa), ao § 62 do primeiro tomo de (...) O mundo como vontade e representação, como também ao Apêndice deste mesmo livro, intitulado de Crítica à filosofia kantiana, (para nesse caso expor a concessão feita por Schopenhauer para compreender o direito como positivo tendo em vista o direito de coação) e por fim, também em Sobre a liberdade da vontade, para expor os conceitos de liberdade física e moral, essenciais para compreender à crítica de Schopenhauer à doutrina do direito kantiana. (shrink)

We define the notion of a completely determined Borel code in reverse mathematics, and consider the principle $CD - PB$, which states that every completely determined Borel set has the property of Baire. We show that this principle is strictly weaker than $AT{R_0}$. Any ω-model of $CD - PB$ must be closed under hyperarithmetic reduction, but $CD - PB$ is not a theory of hyperarithmetic analysis. We show that whenever $M \subseteq {2^\omega }$ is the second-order part of an ω-model (...) of $CD - PB$, then for every $Z \in M$, there is a $G \in M$ such that G is ${\rm{\Delta }}_1^1$-generic relative to Z. (shrink)

In [9] Mundici introduced a categorical equivalence Γ between the category of MV-algebras and the category of abelian [MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL L]-groups with strong unit. Using Mundici's functor Γ, in [8] the authors established an equivalence between the category of perfect MV-algebras and the category of abelian [MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT SMALL L]-groups. Aim of the present paper is to use the above functors to provide Yosida like representations of a large class of MV-algebras.

Tido como um dos principais pensadores da Teoria Crítica, Habermas (2015) contribuiu significativamente para a compreensão da mudança estrutural das relações sociais, culturais e históricas. Sua abordagem parte da análise das transformações na esfera pública e da evolução das formas de comunicação. a perspectiva de Habermas sobre a mudança estrutural das relações sociais, culturais e históricas oferece uma análise profunda das dinâmicas sociais contemporâneas, destacando a importância da esfera pública da linguagem e da participação democrática nesse processo em constante evolução (...) (Deleuze, 2000). O estado de desamparo vivenciado pela invisibilidade gera angústia nos adolescentes abrigados em unidades de acolhimento institucional que não têm assegurados seus direitos fundamentais e não são reconhecidas pela sociedade e pelo próprio estado o qual tem o dever de guarda e formação dos mesmos. O estigma associado à institucionalização é outro fator contribuinte para o sofrimento social (Carreteiro, 2003). A sociedade frequentemente marginaliza esses jovens, rotulando-os de forma negativa e limitando suas oportunidades futuras. Esse estigma pode afetar a autoestima e a autoimagem dos jovens, exacerbando ainda mais seu sofrimento. Habermas enfatiza a importância da participação democrática e do diálogo público na formulação das leis e políticas relacionadas à adoção, buscando garantir que as decisões sejam tomadas levando em consideração os interesses das crianças e adolescentes e de suas necessidades individuais. Ele critica abordagens paternalistas ou autoritárias que possam desconsiderar a voz e os direitos das crianças, defendendo uma abordagem mais inclusiva e participativa na elaboração das políticas de proteção à juventude no contexto da adoção. (shrink)

In this work we introduce a class of commutative rings whose defining condition is that its lattice of ideals, augmented with the ideal product, the semi-ring of ideals, is isomorphic to an MV-algebra. This class of rings coincides with the class of commutative rings which are direct sums of local Artinian chain rings with unit.

ABSTRACT In this paper we shall prove that l-rings are categorally equivalent to the MV*-algebras, a subcategory of perfect MV-algebras. We shall use this equivalence in order to characterize l-rings as quotients of certain semirings of matrices over MV*-algebras. We shall establish a relation between l-ideals in l-rings and some ideals in MV*-algebras. This edlows us to study the MV* f-algebras, a subclass of the MV*-algebras corresponding to the f-rings.

In this paper we show that the prime ideal space of an MV-algebra is the disjoint union of prime ideal spaces of suitable local MV-algebras. Some special classes of algebras are defined and their spaces are investigated. The space of minimal prime ideals is studied as well.

Prólogo por A. Gómez Robledo.--Las mocedades de Caso, por J. Gaos.--Antonio Caso, pensador y moralista, por E. Garcia Máynez.--Antonio Caso y el heroismo filosófico, por O. Robles.--Don Antonio Caso y las ideas contemporáneas en México, por P. Romanell.--Antonio Caso y la mexicanidad, por L. Zea.--Caso, su concepto de la filosofia, por R. Moreno.--Las polémicas filosóficas de Antonio Caso, por J. Hernández Luna.--La biblioteca de Caso, por J. Gaos.--Antonio Caso visto desde la Universidad de BOston, (...) por E. S. Brightman.--La filosofia de las ciencias segun Antonio Caso, por D. Garcia Bacca.--Antonio Caso y Emile Meyerson, por E. Uranga.--La estética de ANtonio Caso, por J. M. Teran.--La filosofia social de Antonio Caso, por L. Recaséns Siches. (shrink)

Rationale, aims and objectives Given the increasing prevalence of cataract and demand for cataract extraction surgery, patients must often wait to undergo this procedure. We validated a previously developed priority scoring system in terms of clinical variables, pre-intervention health status, appropriateness of surgery and gain in visual acuity (VA) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).Methods Explicit prioritization criteria for cataract extraction created by a variation of the Research and Development (RAND) and University of California Los Angeles appropriateness methodology were retrospectively (...) applied to a prospective cohort of 5257 patients on waiting lists to undergo cataract by phacoemulsification at 17 hospitals in Spain. Demographic data, clinical data and data related to surgical technique were collected by trained ophthalmologists. Patients were evaluated by their ophthalmologist before the intervention and 6 weeks afterward. They also completed, by mail, the Visual Function Index (VF-14) before the intervention and 3 months afterward.Results High-priority patients experienced greater improvement in VA and HRQoL than those classified as intermediate or low-priority (P < 0.0001), even after adjusting by VA and the VF-14 score at baseline. The time to intervention was the same for high-priority patients as it was for intermediate and low-priority patients.Conclusions The priority score we developed identified patients most likely to experience the greatest improvements from cataract extraction. Use of this tool could provide a fairer and more rational way to prioritize patients for cataract extraction. (shrink)

BackgroundNeuroimaging studies have shown a complex pattern of brain activation during perception of a pleasant odor and during its olfactory imagery. To date, little is known regarding changes in motor cortex excitability during these tasks. Bergamot essential oil is extensively used in perfumes and cosmetics for its pleasantness. Therefore, to further our understanding of the human sense of smell, this study aimed to investigate the effect of perception and imagery of a pleasant odor on motor cortex using Transcranial magnetic stimulation.Materials (...) and MethodsWe examined the primary motor cortex excitability during perception of a pleasant odor or perception of odorless saline. Furthermore, we tested the effect of olfactory imagery of BEO on corticospinal excitability. The increase in motor evoked potential amplitude was correlated with personality dimensions scores, pleasantness, vividness, and general imagery ability.ResultsThe results indicate that the corticospinal excitability changed after both perception and imagery of a pleasant odor. The correlation analysis shows an association with neuroticism personality trait and with general olfactory imagery ability.ConclusionBoth perception of a pleasant odor and its olfactory imagery modulate motor cortex excitability. The enhanced brain activation is affected by specific individual characteristics. Overall, our findings provide physiological evidence for a complex interaction between the olfactory and motor systems. (shrink)

Phenomenology of practice is a useful, rigorous way of deeply understanding human phenomena. Therefore, it allows research to be conducted into nursing's most sensitive and decisive aspects. While it is a widely used research approach and methodology in nursing, it is seldom addressed and made use of in its practical and applied value. This article aimed to approach the global outlook of van Manen's hermeneutic‐phenomenological method to better understand its theoretical background and to address and support the contribution this method (...) can make to nursing, if rigorously applied. For a professional discipline like nursing, van Manen's approach is especially interesting because, in addition to contributing to the body of knowledge of nursing, it provides a special kind of knowledge that allows nurses to act in a more reflective manner, and with tact and skill, in certain situations and relationships that arise in their daily practice. A more in‐depth understanding of this research methodology may help nurse‐researchers make good use of it and also harness knowledge derived from this type of research. This comes as a result of assuming that phenomenological texts, the final product of the research, have tremendous educational potential for people who read them carefully. (shrink)

According to the Green Paper presented by the European Commission in July 2001, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis (Commission of the European Communities, 2001b, p. 6). On this basis, in 2002, the Italian Government, and especially the Italian Ministry of Welfare, launched an initiative called CSR-SC (social commitment) in order to foster the proactive social role of (...) Italian enterprises, with great attention on SME involvement. The technical partner of the Italian Ministry of Welfare for this initiative is Bocconi University. The goal of this contribution is to present the main results of CSR–SC research project developed by Bocconi University. The paper provides a detailed picture of the general scheme designed to carry out the research project and a review of the different methodologies used to support the solutions proposed. (shrink)

The task of speaking the truth is an infinite labor: to respect it in its complexity is an obligation that no power can afford to shortchange, unless it would impose the silence of slavery (Foucault 1989, p. 308).... the attainment of truth is the outcome of the development of complex and elaborate methods of searching, methods that... in many respects go against the human grain, so they are adopted only after long discipline in a school of hard knocks (Dewey [1925] (...) 1988, pp. 234-35). (shrink)

How do affect and cognition interact in managerial decision making? Over the last decades, scholars have investigated how managers make decisions. However, what remains largely unknown is the interplay of affective states and cognition during the decision-making process. We offer a systematization of the contributions produced on the role of affect and cognition in managerial decision making by considering the recent cross-fertilization of management studies with the neuroscience domain. We implement a Systematic Literature Review of 23 selected contributions dealing with (...) the role of affect and cognition in managerial decisions that adopted neuroscience techniques/points of view. Collected papers have been analyzed by considering the so-called reflexive (X-) and reflective (C-) systems in social cognitive neuroscience and the type of decisions investigated in the literature. Results obtained help to support an emerging “unified” mind processing theory for which the two systems of our mind are not in conflict and for which affective states have a driving role toward cognition. A research agenda for future studies is provided to scholars who are interested in advancing the investigation of affect and cognition in managerial decision making, also through neuroscience techniques – with the consideration that these works should be at the service of the behavioral strategy field. (shrink)

El contexto del Concilio Vaticano II vivió un aspecto fundamental que es necesario valorar: el clima de libertad, de apertura y alegría traído por el Concilio, sin coacciones, ni imposiciones sobre numerosos aspectos de la vivencia de la fe, ni moralismos, ni casuísticas sobrepasadas. Además de reflexiones teológicas para abrir nuevos caminos, el Concilio trajo un nuevo clima para la Iglesia. En América Latina, que sufría dictaduras asesinas, la Iglesia del Concilio era luz que sustentaba la evangelización y la lucha (...) por la justicia. Ahora, como en el periodo que precedió al Concilio, las señales de los tiempos perciben que algo tiene que ocurrir. Como entonces, es preciso superar la perplejidad y el temor, abriéndose a una gran esperanza. La búsqueda sigue, con la paciencia activa que soporta las “demoras de Dios”, aguantando sorpresas y contradicciones sin abatirse. Es un tiempo apropiado para vivir con intensidad la recomendación del Apóstol de ser “alegres en la esperanza, firmes en la tribulación, constantes en la oración” (Rm 12,12). - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2011v9n24p1361. (shrink)

Os processos iniciáticos – a circuncisão e os ritos e ensinamentos a ela correlacionados – representam um dos mais importantes traços da cultura tradicional africana. Constituem sofisticado e complexo corpus pedagógico, sendo compreendidos, em todos os seus aspectos, em relação com o sagrado. Inúmeros temas e artifícios literários presentes na obra do escritor moçambicano Mia Couto encenam movimentos que podem ser associados ao imaginário da tradição ancestral. O artigo percorre alguns contos e romances do escritor buscando referências ao sagrado expressas (...) com os modos característicos da tradição. Detém-se particularmente na forma de construção diegética que encena aspectos da estrutura ritualístico-narrativa dos mitos. Destaca a estratégia ficcional de Couto que não apenas recolhe e valoriza os saberes da cultura tradicional, mas desconstrói, tensiona e transforma esses saberes. O atravessamento da voz do narrador e das personagens pela voz reinventada da tradição oral, para além de reconhecer e afirmar o valor da sabedoria tradicional, reafirma outrossim o pressuposto do dinamismo da tradição. Palavras-chave: Literatura moçambicana. Mia Couto. Tradição oral. Ritos iniciáticos.Initiation processes – circumcision and the rites and lessons related to it – represent one of the most important features of traditional African culture. They form a highly sophisticated and complex pedagogical corpus, which is completely understood in relation to the sacred. Many topics and literary devices present in the work of Mozambican writer Mia Couto show movements that can be associated to the imaginary of ancestral tradition. The paper analyzes some tales and novels looking for references to the sacred expressed with the characteristic features of that tradition. This piece of work specially focuses on the diegetic construction used to present aspects of the ritualistic-narrative structure of myths. Couto's fictional strategy has special importance not only because it records and values the knowledge of traditional culture, but also because it deconstructs, tautens and transforms this knowledge. Besides acknowledging and reaffirming the value of traditional wisdom, the reinvented voice from oral tradition present in the voices of the narrator and characters states the assumption of dynamism in tradition. Keywords : Mozambican literature. Mia Couto. Oral tradition. Initiation rites. - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2012v10n25p136. (shrink)

The relationship between extensive and normal form analyses in non-cooperative game theory seems to be dominated, at least traditionally, by the so-called ‘sufficiency of the normal form principle’, according to which all that is necessary to analyse and ‘solve’ an extensive game is already in its normal form representation. The traditional defence of the sufficiency principle, that Myerson (1991, p. 50) attributes to von Neumann and Morgenstern, holds that, with respect to extensive games, it can be assumed without loss of (...) generality, that players formulate simultaneously and independently their strategic plans at the beginning of the game – a situation which, it is claimed, is exactly described by the normal representation of an extensive game. (shrink)

Em uma sociedade a instauração de conflitos de pretensões não é aprazível para os cidadãos, sendo necessário o uso de formas e instrumentos para que ele seja eliminado. Diante deste panorama conflituoso surge o Direito como mediador social, pois funciona como uma ferramenta de participação que tem a habilidade de promover a realização da cidadania, buscando instalar e restituir pactos sociais, tornando os sujeitos conscientes de seus direitos e deveres e mais solidários perante as desordens sociais experimentados por distintos sujeitos. (...) Para Habermas (1997), o direito está situado em um conflito entre facticidade e validade, entre o que se encontra no nível factual e o no normativo. “O que é válido precisa estar em condições de comprovar-se contra as objeções apresentadas factualmente” (Habermas, 1997, p. 56). É uma relação conflituosa posicionada internamente e externamente ao próprio direito. O interesse de Habermas está ancorado no ponto de vista metódico, com o qual a sociologia do direito não pode prescindir de uma reconstrução das condições de validade do acordo de legalidade, pressuposto nos modernos sistemas de direito. Para Habermas, a positivação do direito moderno e a diferenciação entre direito e moral não faz desaparecer a pretensão de legitimação do direito, ao passo que mesmo a positividade jurídica pós-metafísica necessita de princípios justificados racionalmente e, dessa maneira, universais. Na teoria social de Max Weber verificou a concretização do direito como um modo de moralização do ordenamento jurídico, com a caracterização da estrutura formal do direito e a sua indispensabilidade. Esse procedimento é chamado de juridificação, pois conjectura o aumento da normatização jurídica sobre a vida social. Em Kant, sua forma do “imperativo categórico” é instrumentada com características discursivas e consistirão no representante para do processo legislativo, que opera de modo normativo ao respaldar as leis jurídicas que tem a possibilidade de se tornarem uma aceitação universal e atua de forma disciplinadora às normas que se encontrem em conflito com os princípios do direito. (shrink)

Este libro registra, sistematiza, difunde y amplía el intercambio de experiencias sobre el tiempo libre, el ocio y la recreación, en América Latina. Ha sido elaborado en Brasil en colaboración con Colombia y Chile, países donde diversas personas e instituciones actuales aúnan esfuerzos en el sentido de fomentar los diálogos, incentivar estudios, compartir conocimientos y prácticas socioculturales sobre el tiempo libre, el ocio y la recreación en el contexto latinoamericano.Presenta la realid..